116 research outputs found
SCCAM: Supervised Contrastive Convolutional Attention Mechanism for Ante-hoc Interpretable Fault Diagnosis with Limited Fault Samples
In real industrial processes, fault diagnosis methods are required to learn
from limited fault samples since the procedures are mainly under normal
conditions and the faults rarely occur. Although attention mechanisms have
become popular in the field of fault diagnosis, the existing attention-based
methods are still unsatisfying for the above practical applications. First,
pure attention-based architectures like transformers need a large number of
fault samples to offset the lack of inductive biases thus performing poorly
under limited fault samples. Moreover, the poor fault classification dilemma
further leads to the failure of the existing attention-based methods to
identify the root causes. To address the aforementioned issues, we innovatively
propose a supervised contrastive convolutional attention mechanism (SCCAM) with
ante-hoc interpretability, which solves the root cause analysis problem under
limited fault samples for the first time. The proposed SCCAM method is tested
on a continuous stirred tank heater and the Tennessee Eastman industrial
process benchmark. Three common fault diagnosis scenarios are covered,
including a balanced scenario for additional verification and two scenarios
with limited fault samples (i.e., imbalanced scenario and long-tail scenario).
The comprehensive results demonstrate that the proposed SCCAM method can
achieve better performance compared with the state-of-the-art methods on fault
classification and root cause analysis
Macrocycle encapsulation triggered supramolecular pKa shift: A fluorescence indicator for detecting octreotide in aqueous solution
Supramolecular pKa shifts, have attracted much attention in catalytic and biomimetic studies because of their excellent property to modify the acidity or basicity of the substrate in aqueous media by host-guest inclusion. Here, Fluorescence indicator displacement based on cucurbit[8]uril encapsulation of the dye acridine leads to the recognition of the peptide drug octreotide in aqueous solution via distinctive pH signals was expolited. This is thought to be a result of competitive host-guest interactions involving a supramolecular pKa shift
Text2Seg: Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentation via Text-Guided Visual Foundation Models
Recent advancements in foundation models (FMs), such as GPT-4 and LLaMA, have
attracted significant attention due to their exceptional performance in
zero-shot learning scenarios. Similarly, in the field of visual learning,
models like Grounding DINO and the Segment Anything Model (SAM) have exhibited
remarkable progress in open-set detection and instance segmentation tasks. It
is undeniable that these FMs will profoundly impact a wide range of real-world
visual learning tasks, ushering in a new paradigm shift for developing such
models. In this study, we concentrate on the remote sensing domain, where the
images are notably dissimilar from those in conventional scenarios. We
developed a pipeline that leverages multiple FMs to facilitate remote sensing
image semantic segmentation tasks guided by text prompt, which we denote as
Text2Seg. The pipeline is benchmarked on several widely-used remote sensing
datasets, and we present preliminary results to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Through this work, we aim to provide insights into maximizing the applicability
of visual FMs in specific contexts with minimal model tuning. The code is
available at https://github.com/Douglas2Code/Text2Seg.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure
The role of macrophages in gastric cancer
As one of the deadliest cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, there has been limited improvement in long-term survival rates for gastric cancer (GC) in recent decades. The poor prognosis is attributed to difficulties in early detection, minimal opportunity for radical resection and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Macrophages are among the most abundant infiltrating immune cells in the GC stroma. These cells engage in crosstalk with cancer cells, adipocytes and other stromal cells to regulate metabolic, inflammatory and immune status, generating an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and ultimately promoting tumour initiation and progression. In this review, we summarise recent advances in our understanding of the origin of macrophages and their types and polarisation in cancer and provide an overview of the role of macrophages in GC carcinogenesis and development and their interaction with the GC immune microenvironment and flora. In addition, we explore the role of macrophages in preclinical and clinical trials on drug resistance and in treatment of GC to assess their potential therapeutic value in this disease
Atomically dispersed Cu-N3 on hollow spherical carbon nitride for acetaminophen degradation: Generation of 1O2 from H2O2
Discharge of recalcitrant pharmaceuticals into aquatic systems has caused severe impacts on public health and ecosystem. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective for eliminating these refractory pollutants, for which single-atom catalysts (SACs) become the state-of-the-art materials owing to the maximized exposure of active metal sites. In this work, hollow spherical graphitic carbon nitride (hsCN) was fabricated to incorporate copper species to develop Fenton-like catalysts for acetaminophen (ACT) removal. Through pyrolysis of supramolecular assemblies derived from melamine-Cu complex and cyanuric acid, single atom Cu-N3 sites were anchored on hsCN by N-coordination to obtain SACu-hsCN. In virtue of the atomically dispersed Cu-N3 sites as well as the hollow structure of hsCN providing smooth channels for the interactions between single Cu atoms and reactants, the optimal 5.5SACu-hsCN removed 94.8% of ACT after 180 min of Fenton-like reactions, which was superior to that of 5.5AGCu-hsCN with aggregated Cu particles on hsCN (56.7% in 180 min). Moreover, 5.5SACu-hsCN was still active after four cycles of regeneration. The mechanism investigation demonstrated that both hydroxyl radicals (OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2) contributed to ACT degradation in 5.5SACu-hsCN/H202 system, in which non-radical 1O2 played the dominant role
Identification of Causal Relationship between Amyloid-beta Accumulation and Alzheimer's Disease Progression via Counterfactual Inference
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is beginning
with amyloidosis, followed by neuronal loss and deterioration in structure,
function, and cognition. The accumulation of amyloid-beta in the brain,
measured through 18F-florbetapir (AV45) positron emission tomography (PET)
imaging, has been widely used for early diagnosis of AD. However, the
relationship between amyloid-beta accumulation and AD pathophysiology remains
unclear, and causal inference approaches are needed to uncover how amyloid-beta
levels can impact AD development. In this paper, we propose a graph varying
coefficient neural network (GVCNet) for estimating the individual treatment
effect with continuous treatment levels using a graph convolutional neural
network. We highlight the potential of causal inference approaches, including
GVCNet, for measuring the regional causal connections between amyloid-beta
accumulation and AD pathophysiology, which may serve as a robust tool for early
diagnosis and tailored care
PharmacyGPT: The AI Pharmacist
In this study, we introduce PharmacyGPT, a novel framework to assess the
capabilities of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and GPT-4 in
emulating the role of clinical pharmacists. Our methodology encompasses the
utilization of LLMs to generate comprehensible patient clusters, formulate
medication plans, and forecast patient outcomes. We conduct our investigation
using real data acquired from the intensive care unit (ICU) at the University
of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC) Hospital. Our analysis offers valuable
insights into the potential applications and limitations of LLMs in the field
of clinical pharmacy, with implications for both patient care and the
development of future AI-driven healthcare solutions. By evaluating the
performance of PharmacyGPT, we aim to contribute to the ongoing discourse
surrounding the integration of artificial intelligence in healthcare settings,
ultimately promoting the responsible and efficacious use of such technologies
Towards Mobility Data Science (Vision Paper)
Mobility data captures the locations of moving objects such as humans,
animals, and cars. With the availability of GPS-equipped mobile devices and
other inexpensive location-tracking technologies, mobility data is collected
ubiquitously. In recent years, the use of mobility data has demonstrated
significant impact in various domains including traffic management, urban
planning, and health sciences. In this paper, we present the emerging domain of
mobility data science. Towards a unified approach to mobility data science, we
envision a pipeline having the following components: mobility data collection,
cleaning, analysis, management, and privacy. For each of these components, we
explain how mobility data science differs from general data science, we survey
the current state of the art and describe open challenges for the research
community in the coming years.Comment: Updated arXiv metadata to include two authors that were missing from
the metadata. PDF has not been change
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